Performance of a vaginal self-collection device versus clinician collected cervical samples for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus.

Objective: Screening for cervical cancer requires the participation of target women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing can be performed on vaginal self-samples and self-sampling can improve this participation. This study aims to validate the performance of the vaginal self-sampling device (Vitroveil®) to detect high risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) in comparison to clinician collected samples and evaluate the degree of acceptability of the Vitroveil® device. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a cohort of 385 participating women (median age of 44 ± 10.47 years) attending primary care centers and cervical pathology services of Granada, Spain. Two paired samples (vaginal self-sample and clinician collected cervical sample) where collected from each participant to compare the detection of HPV with the Vitro HPV Screening assay (Vitro, Granada, Spain). A questionnaire was also provided to the participants to analyze the degree of satisfaction with the device and the preference for sampling method. Results: Overall concordance for hrHPV detection was substantial (ĸ 0.804). The prevalence of any hrHPV infection was higher in self-collected samples (30.6%) than in clinician-collected samples (24.3%). The participants found the self-sampling device easy to use and preferred self-collection as the collection method. Conclusion: The Vitroveil® self-sampling device enables safe and accruable hrHPV testing, obtaining equivalent results to those of the clinician collected samples. High acceptability of the device has been demonstrated among women in the study. Nevertheless, additional studies are necessary to verify the efficacy and reliability of the device's performance.

The role of polymerase chain reaction of high-risk human papilloma virus in the screening of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in the anal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus-positive males having sex with males.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the advantages of cytology and PCR of high-risk human papilloma virus (PCR HR-HPV) infection in biopsy-derived diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL = AIN2/AIN3) in HIV-positive men having sex with men (MSM). METHODS: This is a single-centered study conducted between May 2010 and May 2014 in patients (n = 201, mean age 37 years) recruited from our outpatient clinic. Samples of anal canal mucosa were taken into liquid medium for PCR HPV analysis and for cytology. Anoscopy was performed for histology evaluation. RESULTS: Anoscopy showed 33.8% were normal, 47.8% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 18.4% HSIL; 80.2% had HR-HPV. PCR of HR-HPV had greater sensitivity than did cytology (88.8% vs. 75.7%) in HSIL screening, with similar positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 20.3 vs. 22.9 and 89.7 vs. 88.1, respectively. Combining both tests increased the sensitivity and NPV of HSIL diagnosis to 100%. Correlation of cytology vs. histology was, generally, very low and PCR of HR-HPV vs. histology was non-existent (<0.2) or low (<0.4). Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve analysis of cytology and PCR HR-HPV for the diagnosis of HSIL was poor (<0.6). Multivariate regression analysis showed protective factors against HSIL were: viral suppression (OR: 0.312; 95%CI: 0.099-0.984), and/or syphilis infection (OR: 0.193; 95%CI: 0.045-0.827). HSIL risk was associated with HPV-68 genotype (OR: 20.1; 95%CI: 2.04-197.82). CONCLUSIONS: When cytology and PCR HR-HPV findings are normal, the diagnosis of pre-malignant HSIL can be reliably ruled-out in HIV suppression with treatment protects against the appearance of HSIL [corrected].

Linfocitos CD4 como factor protector frente a la infección por genotipos oncogénicos del virus del papiloma humano en la mucosa del canal anal de varones que tienen sexo con varones infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / CD4 lymphocytes as a protective factor against infection by oncogenic genotypes of human papilloma virus in the anal mucosa of men who have sex with human immunodeficiency virus positive men

Fundamento y objetivos: Analizar la prevalencia de los genotipos del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y de displasia de canal anal en una cohorte prospectiva de pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) que mantienen relaciones sexuales con varones (HSH) del sur de España, así como las variables que se asocian con la aparición de lesiones displásicas y genotipos de VPH oncogénicos. Pacientes y método: Estudio transversal compuesto por pacientes HSH-VIH positivos procedentes de una cohorte prospectiva de seropositivos atendidos en una Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, incluidos de forma consecutiva tras firma de consentimiento informado. En la visita se recogían datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, analíticos, y se tomaban 2 muestras de la mucosa del canal anal: una para realización de polymerase chain reaction (PCR, «reacción en cadena de la polimerasa») de VPH, y otra para citología. La clasificación citológica empleada fue la de Bethesda. Resultados: Un total de 134 pacientes fueron incluidos de forma consecutiva, con edad media (DE) de 35,97 (9,5) años. El 16,4% (22/134) de las muestras procedentes de la mucosa anal para estudio de PCR de VPH no fueron válidas por falta de ADN en el material. Un total de 102/112 (91,1%) pacientes estaban colonizados por VPH; 73/112 (65,1%) por genotipos de bajo grado (VPH-BR), 74/112 (66,1%) por genotipos de alto grado (VPH-AR) y 51/112 (41,5%) de alto y bajo grado de malignidad. Los genotipos más prevalentes fueron el 6 (16/112), 11 (15/112), 16 (27/112), 18 (16/112), 51 (16/112) y 53 (17/112). De las 134 muestras enviadas para citología, en 8/134 (5,9%) hubo falta de muestra y en 91/126 (72,2%) eran displásicas, de las que 65/91 (71,4%) correspondían a lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de bajo grado, 26/91 (23,1%) a células escamosas atípicas, y ninguna lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado. En el análisis multivariante que analizaba los factores de riesgo asociados con la aparición de displasia en la mucosa anal encontramos asociación estadística con el tabaco (odds ratio [OR] 3,336; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 1,196-9,303; p = 0,02) y número de genotipos de VPH-AR (OR 2,229; IC 95% 1,387-3,811; p = 0,001). En cuanto a la presencia de genotipos oncogénicos de VPH, en el análisis multivariante encontramos que cifras de CD4 más bajas (OR 2,48; IC 95% 1,098-5,58; p = 0,029) se asociaban con la infección por tales virus. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de displasia en el canal anal de pacientes VIH-HSH de nuestra área es muy alta, presentándose fundamentalmente en fumadores y con mayor número de genotipos de VPH oncogénicos. La presencia de VPH-AR se asociaba con menores cifras de linfocitos CD4 (AU)

Background and objectives: To analyze the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and anal dysplasia in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected men who have sex with men (MSM) from southern Spain, and the variables associated with the appearance of dysplastic lesions and oncogenic HPV genotypes. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study involving a prospective cohort of HIV-positive MSM included consecutively after signing an informed consent form. During the consultation 2 samples were taken from the anal mucosa: one for HPV detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the other for cytological evaluation; the Bethesda system was used to classify the cytology. Results: One hundred and thirty-four consecutive patients were included. 91.1% patients were colonized by HPV, 66.1% by high-grade types and 41.52% by genotypes of low and high-grade malignancy. The most prevalent genotypes were: 6, 11, 16, 18, 51 and 53. 72.2% samples sent for cytology showed dysplasia, of which 71.4% were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 23.1% were atypical squamous cell, and 0% was high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with the appearance of dysplasia revealed association with smoking (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.196-9.303; odds ratio [OR] 3.336; P = .02) and number of oncogenic HPV types (95% CI 1.387-3.811; OR 2.229; P = .001). With regard to the presence of oncogenic HPV genotypes the multivariate analysis showed a high CD4 cell count was a protective factor against infection by these viruses (95% CI 1.098-5.58; OR 2.48; P = .029).Conclusions: The prevalence of anal dysplasia among HIV-positive MSM in this study is very high, fundamentally in smokers and a high number of oncogenic HPV genotypes. The presence of oncogenic HPV genotypes was associated with a lower CD4 cell count (AU)

[CD4 lymphocytes as a protective factor against infection by oncogenic genotypes of human papillomavirus in the anal mucosa of men who have sex with human immunodeficiency virus positive men]. / Linfocitos CD4 como factor protector frente a la infección por genotipos oncogénicos del virus del papiloma humano en la mucosa del canal anal de varones que tienen sexo con varones infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and anal dysplasia in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected men who have sex with men (MSM) from southern Spain, and the variables associated with the appearance of dysplastic lesions and oncogenic HPV genotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving a prospective cohort of HIV-positive MSM included consecutively after signing an informed consent form. During the consultation 2 samples were taken from the anal mucosa: one for HPV detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the other for cytological evaluation; the Bethesda system was used to classify the cytology. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four consecutive patients were included. 91.1% patients were colonized by HPV, 66.1% by high-grade types and 41.52% by genotypes of low and high-grade malignancy. The most prevalent genotypes were: 6, 11, 16, 18, 51 and 53. 72.2% samples sent for cytology showed dysplasia, of which 71.4% were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 23.1% were atypical squamous cell, and 0% was high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with the appearance of dysplasia revealed association with smoking (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.196-9.303; odds ratio [OR] 3.336; P=.02) and number of oncogenic HPV types (95% CI 1.387-3.811; OR 2.229; P=.001). With regard to the presence of oncogenic HPV genotypes the multivariate analysis showed a high CD4 cell count was a protective factor against infection by these viruses (95% CI 1.098-5.58; OR 2.48; P=.029). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anal dysplasia among HIV-positive MSM in this study is very high, fundamentally in smokers and a high number of oncogenic HPV genotypes. The presence of oncogenic HPV genotypes was associated with a lower CD4 cell count.

Control hemodinámico con fenilefrina en anestesia espinal para cirugía de rodilla / Hemodynamic control with phenylephrine in spinal anesthesia during knee surgery

Antecedentes: La anestesia espinal es utilizada en cirugías ortopédicas, pero produce hipotensión arterial en 10-40 por ciento de los pacientes. El uso de fenilefrina en infusión profiláctica ha permitido mantener la presión arterial durante el parto, pero no hay estudios en cirugías de reemplazo de rodilla. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto de la infusión continua profiláctica de fenilefrina sobre la presión arterial sistólica (PaS), media (PaM) y diastólica (PaD), y la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) en cirugía de implante protésico de rodilla, comparado con placebo. También se evaluaron: la reposición de fluidos, los episodios de hipotensión y bradicardia, y los requerimientos de efedrina. Lugar de realización: Servicio de Anestesiología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Diseño: Ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado con placebo, doble ciego. Población: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes sometidos a reemplazo protésico de rodilla. Métodos: Se aleatorizaron al grupo F (bomba con infusión profiláctica con fenilefrina, n = 15) o al grupo P (solución fisiológica, n = 15). Se realizo bloqueo femoral y anestesia espinal. Las variables hemodinámicas se evaluaron en hora basal, inicio de infusión y a los 3, 6, 15, 30, 45 y 60 minutos posbloqueo. Resultados: No se encontró diferencia significativa entre los grupos en cuanto a PaS, PaM, PaD y FC. Tampoco en relación con el número de episodios de hipotensión, bradicardia, administración de efedrina, ni en los requerimientos de fluidos administrados. Conclusiones: En pacientes con anestesia espinal, la infusión profiláctica de fenilefrina no disminuyó la magnitud de la hipotensión posbloqueo, en comparación con placebo, durante la cirugía de implante protésico de rodilla.

Background: Spinal anesthesia is used in orthopedic surgery but it produces arterial hypotension in 10-40 per cent of patients. The use of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine could maintain arterial pressure during cesarean delivery, but no tests were carried out during knee replacement surgery. Objective: Evaluation of the effect of prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine on systolic (SaP), diastolic (DaP), median (MaP) and cardiac rate (CR) during knee replacement surgery with spinal anesthesia, compared to with placebo. We also evaluated amount of fluids, hypotension and bradycardic episodes, and ephedrine requirements. Setting: Anesthesiology Service of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Design: clinical trial, randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded. Population: We included 30 patients scheduled for knee replacement surgery. Methods: Patients were randomized to group F (prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine, N = 15) or group P (placebo, n = 15). Hemodynamic variables were evaluated at basal, start of infusion and at 3, 6, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes from the blockade. Results: The differences in SaP, DaP, MaP and CR were not statistically different. Neither were the numbers of cases with hypotension, bradycardia, ephedrine requirements or fluids administered. Conclusions: In patients receiving spinal anesthesia for knee replacement surgery, a prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine did not decrease the magnitude of hypotension in comparison with placebo.

Antecedentes: A anestesia espinhal é utilizada em cirurgias ortopédicas, mas causa hipotensao arterial em 10-40 por cento dos pacientes. O uso da fenilefrina em infusao profilática permitiu manter a pressao arterial durante o parto; porém, nao se conhecem estudos sobre seu uso em cirurgias de substitução de joelho. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito da infusao continua profilática de fenilefrina sobre a pressao arterial sistólica (PaS), média (PaM) e diastólica (PaD) e a freqüencia cardiaca (FC) em cirurgia de implante de prótese de joelho, comparado com placebo. Foram também avaliados: a reposição de fluídos, os episódios de hipotensao e bradicardia, e a necessidade de efedrina. Lugar de realização: Serviço de Anestesiologia do Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Desenho: Estudo clínico, aleatorizado, controlado com placebo, duplo-cego. População: Trinta pacientes submetidos a substituiçao protésica de joelho. Métodos: Os pacientes foram aleatorizados ao grupo F (bomba de infusao profilática, fenilefrina, n = 15) ou ao grupo P (solução fisiológica, n = 15). Foi feito bloqueio 3 em 1 e anestesia espinhal. Avaliaram-se as variáveis hemodinamicas no momento basal, no inicio da infusao e aos 3, 6, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos pós-bloqueio. Resultados: Entre os grupos nao se encontrou diferença significativa no que diz respeito a PaS, PaM, PaO e FC, número de casos de hipotensao, de bradicardia, de administração de efedrina nem nas necessidades de fluidos administrados. Conclusoes: Em pacientes com anestesia espinhal, a infusao profilática de fenilefrina nao diminuiu a magnitude da hipotensao pós-bloqueio, em comparação com placebo, durante cirurgia de implante de prótese de joelho.